及

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See also: 乃, 廴, and 殳
及 U+53CA, 及
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-53CA
← 叉また
[U+53C9] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 友とも →
[U+53CB]

及 U+2F836, 及
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F836
← 灰
[U+2F835] 		CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement 叟 →
[U+2F837]

Translingual

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Traditional 及
Simplified 及
Japanese 及
Korean 及
Stroke order
3 strokes
Stroke order

Han character

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及 (Kangxi radical 29, 又また+2 in traditional Chinese and Korean, 又また+1 in mainland China and Japanese, 4 strokes in traditional Chinese and Korean, 3 strokes in mainland China and Japanese, cangjie input 弓ゆみ竹ちく水すい (NHE), four-corner 17247, composition ⿻⿹㇋丿乀(GHJV or U+2F836) or ⿸⿱㇇丿又また(TK))

Derived characters

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References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 165, character 3
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 3118
  • Dae Jaweon: page 374, character 17
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 35, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+53CA

Chinese

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trad. 及
simp. # 及
alternative forms 﨤

Glyph origin

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Historical forms of the character 及
Shang Western Zhou Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (及) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
趿 *sqʰɯːb
鈒 *sqʰɯːb, *sqʰrɯb
靸 *sqʰɯːb, *sqʰaːb
馺 *sqʰɯːb
砐 *ŋɡɯːb
魥 *ŋɡɯːb, *kʰab
扱 *skʰrɯːb
笈きゅう *skʰrɯːb, *ɡrab, *ɡab, *ɡrɯb
衱 *ɡrab, *kab
极 *ɡrab, *ɡab
昅 *ɡab
雭 *sqʰrɯb
急きゅう *krɯb
級きゅう *krɯb
汲 *krɯb
芨 *krɯb
伋 *krɯb
彶 *krɯb
及 *ɡrɯb
岌 *ŋɡrɯb
吸 *qʰrɯb

Ideogrammic compound (會意かいい／会意かいい) : 人ひと (“person”) + 又また (“hand”) – a hand grabbing a person.

Etymology

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Possibly connected to Burmese ကပ် (kap, “to arrive at”) or Jingpho khap (“to carry, to reach”) (Starostin and Peiros, 1996) or less likely to Tibetan འགྲུབ་པ ('grub pa) ~ འགྲུབ ('grub, “to make ready”), སྒྲུབ་པ (sgrub pa) ~ བསྒྲུབ (bsgrub, “to complete, achieve”), གྲུབ་པ (grub pa, “complete”) (Schuessler, 2007).

Possibly departing tone derivations are 暨 (jì, “to attain, to reach”), 迄まで (qì, “to reach to”), and 既すんで (jì, “already”) (Yu, 1948, Baxter, 1992). However, see those entries for more.

Pronunciation

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Note: khi̍p - “to hold something tightly”.
  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 及
Mandarin Beijing /t͡ɕi³⁵/
Harbin /t͡ɕi²⁴/ 來き不ふ～
/t͡ɕi⁵³/ ～格かく
Tianjin /t͡ɕi⁴⁵/
Jinan /t͡ɕi⁴²/
Qingdao /t͡ɕi⁴²/
Zhengzhou /t͡ɕi²⁴/
Xi'an /t͡ɕi²⁴/
Xining /t͡ɕji²⁴/
Yinchuan /t͡ɕi¹³/
Lanzhou /t͡ɕi¹³/
Ürümqi /t͡ɕi²¹³/
Wuhan /t͡ɕi²¹³/
Chengdu /t͡ɕie³¹/
/t͡ɕi³¹/
Guiyang /t͡ɕi²¹/
Kunming /t͡ɕi³¹/
Nanjing /t͡ɕiʔ⁵/
Hefei /t͡ɕiəʔ⁵/
Jin Taiyuan /t͡ɕiəʔ⁵⁴/
Pingyao /t͡ɕiʌʔ⁵³/
Hohhot /t͡ɕiəʔ⁴³/
Wu Shanghai /d͡ʑiɪʔ¹/
Suzhou /d͡ʑiəʔ³/
Hangzhou /d͡ʑiəʔ²/
Wenzhou /d͡ʑai²¹³/
Hui Shexian /t͡ɕʰi²²/
Tunxi /t͡ɕi¹¹/
Xiang Changsha /t͡ɕi²⁴/
Xiangtan /t͡ɕʰi²⁴/
Gan Nanchang /t͡ɕʰiʔ²/ ～格かく
Hakka Meixian /kʰip̚⁵/
Taoyuan /kʰip̚⁵⁵/
Cantonese Guangzhou /kʰɐp̚²/
Nanning /kɐp̚²²/
Hong Kong /kɐp̚²/
/kʰɐp̚²/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /kip̚⁵/
/kʰip̚⁵/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /kiʔ⁵/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /ki²⁴/
Shantou (Teochew) /kip̚⁵/
Haikou (Hainanese) /kip̚³/
Rime
Character 及
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲こえ) 群ぐん (30)
Final (韻いん) 緝 (142)
Tone (調しらべ) Checked (Ø)
Openness (開ひらき合あい) Open
Division (等ひとし) III
Fanqie 其立だて切きり
Baxter gip
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/ɡˠiɪp̚/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ɡᵚip̚/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ɡiep̚/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/gjip̚/
Li
Rong 		/ɡjəp̚/
Wang
Li 		/ɡĭĕp̚/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/gi̯əp̚/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		jí
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		gap6
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 及
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		jí
Middle
Chinese 		‹ gip ›
Old
Chinese 		/*[m-k-]rəp/
English reach to

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 及
Reading # 1/1
No. 5664
Phonetic
component 		及
Rime
group 		緝
Rime
subdivision 		1
Corresponding
MC rime 		及
Old
Chinese 		/*ɡrɯb/

Definitions

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及

  1. to reach; to extend to; to reach the level of
    觸手しょくしゅ可か及／触手しょくしゅ可か及  ―  chùshǒukějí  ―  at one's fingertips; within reach (literally, "can be reached by the touch of hand")
    及格かく  ―  jígé  ―  to pass (i.e., to reach the grade for passing)
  2. to catch up; to be in time
    來らい得とく及／来らい得とく及  ―  láidéjí  ―  to be or to do something in time
    及時とき／及时  ―  jíshí  ―  prompt; timely
    後悔こうかい莫及／后きさき悔莫及  ―  hòuhuǐmòjí  ―  to be too late to regret
  3. to be equal; to be comparable; to match
    愚ぐ不可ふか及  ―  yúbùkějí  ―  foolish beyond reach; unmatched foolishness
  4. and; as well as
    以及  ―  yǐjí  ―  as well as
  5. (Hokkien) to hold something tightly with one's five fingers
  6. a surname

Synonyms

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Dialectal synonyms of 和わ (“and”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 與あずか, 及
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 和わ, 與あずか, 及, 與あずか及 Cantonese
Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 跟, 和わ
Taiwan 跟, 和わ
Malaysia 和わ, 跟
Singapore 和わ, 跟
Jilu Mandarin Jinan 和わ, 跟, 給きゅう
Jiaoliao Mandarin Yantai (Muping) 和わ
Central Plains Mandarin Wanrong 和わ
Wanrong (Ronghe) 連れん
Xi'an 跟, 連れん
Xining 帶おび, 和わ
Xuzhou 給きゅう
Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan) 帶おび
Lanyin Mandarin Yinchuan 連れん
Lanzhou 跟, 和わ
Ürümqi 跟, 連れん, 和わ
Southwestern Mandarin Chengdu 跟, 給きゅう, 和わ
Wuhan 跟
Guiyang 跟, 同どう, 和わ
Guilin 跟, 和わ
Liuzhou 跟, 同どう, 和わ
Jianghuai Mandarin Nanjing 告つげ, 跟
Yangzhou 跟, 交
Hefei 跟
Cantonese Guangzhou 同どう, 同どう埋うめ
Hong Kong 同どう, 同どう埋うめ
Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou) 同どう
Hong Kong (Ting Kok) 同どう
Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) 同どう
Macau 同どう, 同どう埋うめ
Taishan 同どう埋うめ
Kaiping (Chikan) 同どう, 同どう埋うめ
Dongguan 同どう, 同どう埋うめ
Yangjiang 鄧, 同どう
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 同どう
Penang (Guangfu) 同どう
Singapore (Guangfu) 同どう
Gan Nanchang 跟, 同どう
Lichuan 和わ
Pingxiang 同どう, 跟
Hakka Meixian 同どう, 摎
Yudu 澗
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 摎
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 同どう
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 摎
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 同どう
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 摎
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 和わ
Hong Kong 摎
Kuching (Hepo) 佮
Huizhou Jixi 搭
Jin Taiyuan 和わ, 跟
Xinzhou 給きゅう
Northern Min Jian'ou 邀
Jian'ou (Dikou) 邀, 儉, 教きょう
Zhenghe (Zhenqian) 邀
Pucheng (Shibei) 邀, 跟
Eastern Min Fuzhou 共とも
Fuzhou (Changle) 共とも
Fuqing 共とも
Yongtai 共とも
Gutian 共とも
Fu'an 共とも
Ningde 共とも
Shouning 隨ずい
Zhouning 傮, 共とも
Fuding 跟
Southern Min Xiamen 佮, 交
Xiamen (Tong'an) 佮
Quanzhou 佮, 交
Zhangzhou 佮
Tainan 佮
Hsinchu 交
Penang (Hokkien) 佮
Singapore (Hokkien) 佮
Manila (Hokkien) 佮, 交
Chaozhou 佮, 共とも
Shantou 佮
Jieyang 佮
Singapore (Teochew) 佮
Pontianak (Teochew) 佮
Leizhou 共とも
Wenchang 共とも
Haikou 共とも
Qionghai 共とも
Zhongshan Min Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) 同どう, 同どう埋うめ
Waxiang Guzhang (Gaofeng) 跟, 邀
Wu Shanghai 脫だっ, 脫だつ仔こ, 得とく, 得とく仔こ, 搭, 搭仔, 交, 幫, 同どう, 跟
Shanghai (Songjiang) 搭
Shanghai (Chongming) 脫だっ
Suzhou 搭, 搭仔
Danyang 同どう, 跟
Hangzhou 同どう
Ningbo 搭, 搭仔
Wenzhou 伉
Jinhua 亨とおる, 跟
Xiang Changsha 跟
Loudi 跟
Shuangfeng 跟, 同どう

Compounds

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Descendants

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Sino-Xenic (及):
  • → Vietnamese: cập (及)

References

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Japanese

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Shinjitai 及
Kyūjitai
[1]
及󠄁
及+&#xE0101;?
(Adobe-Japan1)
及󠄃
及+&#xE0103;?
(Hanyo-Denshi)
(Moji_Joho)
The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment.
See here for details.

Kanji

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及

(Jōyō kanji)

  1. and
  2. reach out
  3. exert
  4. exercise
  5. cause

Readings

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References

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  1. ^ “及”, in 漢字かんじぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎[1] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2024

Korean

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Hanja

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及 (eumhun 미칠 급 (michil geup))

  1. hanja form? of 급 (“extend”)
  2. hanja form? of 급 (“reach”)
  3. hanja form? of 급 (“come up to”)

Vietnamese

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Han character

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及: Hán Nôm readings: cập

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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