共とも

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共とも U+5171, 共
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5171
← 兰
[U+5170] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 兲 →
[U+5172]

Translingual

[edit]
Stroke order
6 strokes

Han character

[edit]

共とも (Kangxi radical 12, 八はち+4, 6 strokes, cangjie input 廿にじゅう金きん (TC), four-corner 44801, composition ⿱龷八はち)

  1. Shuowen Jiezi radical №64

Derived characters

[edit]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 127, character 5
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 1458
  • Dae Jaweon: page 283, character 6
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 243, character 2
  • Unihan data for U+5171

Chinese

[edit]
simp. and trad.
 共とも
alternative forms 𦱹
𠔏
𩇿

Glyph origin

[edit]
Historical forms of the character 共とも
Shang Western Zhou Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
b03459
b03460
b03461
b03462
b03463
b03464
b03465
b03466
b03467
b03468
b03469
b03470
b03471
s01989
Transcribed ancient scripts
L35581
L35582
L19017
L19018
L19019
L19020
L19021
L19022
References:

Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:

  • Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
  • Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
  • Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
  • Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).
Characters in the same phonetic series (共とも) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
港みなと *kroːŋʔ, *ɡloːŋs
巷ちまた *ɡroːŋs
衖 *ɡroːŋs
鬨かちどき *ɡroːŋs, *ɡloːŋs
烘 *qʰloːŋ, *qʰloːŋs, *ɡoːŋ, *ɡloːŋs
洪ひろし *ɡloːŋ
鉷 *ɡloːŋ
谼 *ɡloːŋ
葓 *ɡoːŋ
哄 *ɡloːŋs
蕻 *ɡloːŋs
恭きょう *kloŋ
供きょう *kloŋ, *kloŋs
龔 *kloŋ
珙 *kloŋ, *kloŋʔ
共とも *kloŋ, *ɡloŋs
髸 *kloŋ
拱 *kloŋʔ
拲 *kloŋʔ, *kloɡ
蛬 *kloŋʔ, *ɡloŋ
栱 *kloŋʔ
輁 *kloŋʔ, *ɡloŋ
舼 *ɡloŋ
輂 *kloɡ

Ideogrammic compound (會意かいい／会意かいい) : 廾 (“two hands”) + 口くち (“an object”) – holding up an object with two hands. Eventually 口くち (not “mouth”) came to be written 廿にじゅう (niàn) (not “twenty”), which later fused with 廾 to form the modern 共ども.

Possibly the original form of 供きょう (“to provide; to offer”).

Etymology 1

[edit]

Possibly related to 廾 (OC *k(r)oŋʔ, “to fold the hands in front of the breast”), with the stativizing prefix *N- (Baxter and Sagart, 2014). Schuessler (2007) also relates this word to 供きょう (OC *kloŋ, *kloŋs, “to provide”) and suggests the possibility of also relating it to 恭きょう (OC *kloŋ, “to respect”) and 貢みつぎ (OC *koːŋs, “tribute”).

The kā reading in Hokkien is from the weakening of kāng (Wu, 2017; Chappell et al., 2011).

Pronunciation

[edit]
Note:
  • qiung5 - vernacular;
  • kung5 - literary.
Note:
  • kāng, kā - vernacular (kā - also written as 甲きのえ);
  • kiōng - literary.
Note:
  • gong5 - vernacular;
  • gong4 - literary.
    • Dialectal data
    Variety Location 共とも
    Mandarin Beijing /kuŋ⁵¹/
    Harbin /kuŋ⁵³/
    Tianjin /kuŋ⁵³/
    Jinan /kuŋ²¹/
    Qingdao /kəŋ⁴²/
    Zhengzhou /kuŋ³¹²/
    Xi'an /kuŋ⁴⁴/
    Xining /kuə̃²¹³/
    Yinchuan /kuŋ¹³/
    Lanzhou /kũn¹³/
    Ürümqi /kuŋ²¹³/
    Wuhan /koŋ³⁵/
    Chengdu /koŋ¹³/
    Guiyang /koŋ²¹³/
    Kunming /koŋ¹/
    Nanjing /koŋ⁴⁴/
    Hefei /kəŋ⁵³/
    Jin Taiyuan /kuəŋ⁴⁵/
    Pingyao /kuŋ³⁵/
    Hohhot /kũŋ⁵⁵/
    Wu Shanghai /goŋ²³/
    Suzhou /goŋ³¹/
    Hangzhou /goŋ¹³/
    Wenzhou /d͡ʑyɔ²²/
    Hui Shexian /kʰuʌ̃²²/
    Tunxi /kan⁴²/
    Xiang Changsha /koŋ⁵⁵/
    /koŋ¹¹/
    Xiangtan /gən²¹/
    Gan Nanchang /t͡ɕʰiuŋ²¹/ ～雙そう筷子
    /kʰuŋ²¹/
    Hakka Meixian /kʰiuŋ⁵³/
    Taoyuan /kʰioŋ⁵⁵/
    Cantonese Guangzhou /koŋ²²/
    Nanning /kuŋ²²/
    Hong Kong /kuŋ²²/
    Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /kiɔŋ²²/
    /iŋ²²/
    /kaŋ²²/
    Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /køyŋ²⁴²/
    Jian'ou (Northern Min) /kɔŋ⁴⁴/
    Shantou (Teochew) /kaŋ³¹/
    Haikou (Hainanese) /koŋ³³/
    /kaŋ²³/
    Rime
    Character 共とも
    Reading # 2/2
    Initial (聲こえ) 群ぐん (30)
    Final (韻いん) 鍾 (7)
    Tone (調しらべ) Departing (H)
    Openness (開ひらき合あい) Open
    Division (等ひとし) III
    Fanqie 渠みぞ用よう切きり
    Baxter gjowngH
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/ɡɨoŋH/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/ɡioŋH/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/ɡioŋH/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/guawŋH/
    Li
    Rong         		/ɡioŋH/
    Wang
    Li         		/ɡĭwoŋH/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/gi̯woŋH/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		jiòng
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		gung6
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 共とも
    Reading # 1/1
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		gòng
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ gjowngH ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*N-k(r)oŋʔ-s/
    English together, all

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 共とも
    Reading # 2/2
    No. 4182
    Phonetic
    component         		共とも
    Rime
    group         		東ひがし
    Rime
    subdivision         		0
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		共とも
    Old
    Chinese         		/*ɡloŋs/

    Definitions

    [edit]

    共とも

    1. common
      共とも識／共とも识  ―  gòngshí  ―  common understanding; consensus
    2. together
      共とも進すすむ晚餐ばんさん／共とも进晚餐ばんさん  ―  gòng jìn wǎncān  ―  to have dinner together
    3. to share
    4. altogether
      我わが前後ぜんご共とも買かい了りょう五ご雙そう鞋。 [MSC, trad.]
      我わが前ぜん后きさき共とも买了りょう五ご双そう鞋。 [MSC, simp.]
      Wǒ qiánhòu gòng mǎi le wǔ shuāng xié. [Pinyin]
      From beginning to end, I altogether bought five pairs of shoes.
    5. Short for 共產黨きょうさんとう／共きょう产党 (gòngchǎndǎng, “communist party”).
      反はん共とも  ―  fǎngòng  ―  anti-communist
      1. (specifically) the Communist Party of China
        國くに共とも／国くに共とも  ―  guógòng  ―  Kuomintang and the Communist Party of China
    6. (literary or dialectal) and
    7. (literary or Eastern Min, Hokkien) with; to
      我わが共とも你講こう。 [Hokkien, trad.]
      我わが共とも你讲。 [Hokkien, simp.]
      Góa kā lí kóng. [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
      I tell you.
    8. (Eastern Min, Hokkien, dated in Cantonese) for
      共とも我わが開門かいもん。 [Hokkien, trad.]
      共とも我わが开门。 [Hokkien, simp.]
      Kā góa khui-mn̂g. [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
      Open the door for me.
    9. (Hokkien) Used in imperative sentences for emphasis
      你共とも我わが會かい記き咧！ [Hokkien, trad.]
      你共とも我わが会かい记咧！ [Hokkien, simp.]
      Lí kā góa ē kì leh! [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
      Remember this!
    10. (Eastern Min, Hokkien) Particle introducing the object of the verb
      共とも伊い放ひ袂たもと記き [Hokkien, trad.]
      共とも伊い放ひ袂たもと记 [Hokkien, simp.]
      kā i pàng bē-kì [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
      Forget about him.
    11. (Zhangzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien) same
      共とも款 [Hokkien]  ―  kāng-khoán [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]  ―  the same
      無む共とも／无共とも [Hokkien]  ―  bô-kāng [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]  ―  not the same; different
    Synonyms
    [edit]
    • (and):
    Dialectal synonyms of 和わ (“and”) [map]
    Variety Location Words
    Classical Chinese 與あずか, 及
    Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 和わ, 與あずか, 及, 與あずか及 Cantonese
    Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 跟, 和わ
    Taiwan 跟, 和わ
    Malaysia 和わ, 跟
    Singapore 和わ, 跟
    Jilu Mandarin Jinan 和わ, 跟, 給きゅう
    Jiaoliao Mandarin Yantai (Muping) 和わ
    Central Plains Mandarin Wanrong 和わ
    Wanrong (Ronghe) 連れん
    Xi'an 跟, 連れん
    Xining 帶おび, 和わ
    Xuzhou 給きゅう
    Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan) 帶おび
    Lanyin Mandarin Yinchuan 連れん
    Lanzhou 跟, 和わ
    Ürümqi 跟, 連れん, 和わ
    Southwestern Mandarin Chengdu 跟, 給きゅう, 和わ
    Wuhan 跟
    Guiyang 跟, 同どう, 和わ
    Guilin 跟, 和わ
    Liuzhou 跟, 同どう, 和わ
    Jianghuai Mandarin Nanjing 告つげ, 跟
    Yangzhou 跟, 交
    Hefei 跟
    Cantonese Guangzhou 同どう, 同どう埋うめ
    Hong Kong 同どう, 同どう埋うめ
    Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou) 同どう
    Hong Kong (Ting Kok) 同どう
    Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) 同どう
    Macau 同どう, 同どう埋うめ
    Taishan 同どう埋うめ
    Kaiping (Chikan) 同どう, 同どう埋うめ
    Dongguan 同どう, 同どう埋うめ
    Yangjiang 鄧, 同どう
    Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 同どう
    Penang (Guangfu) 同どう
    Singapore (Guangfu) 同どう
    Gan Nanchang 跟, 同どう
    Lichuan 和わ
    Pingxiang 同どう, 跟
    Hakka Meixian 同どう, 摎
    Yudu 澗
    Miaoli (N. Sixian) 摎
    Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 同どう
    Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 摎
    Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 同どう
    Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 摎
    Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 和わ
    Hong Kong 摎
    Kuching (Hepo) 佮
    Huizhou Jixi 搭
    Jin Taiyuan 和わ, 跟
    Xinzhou 給きゅう
    Northern Min Jian'ou 邀
    Jian'ou (Dikou) 邀, 儉, 教きょう
    Zhenghe (Zhenqian) 邀
    Pucheng (Shibei) 邀, 跟
    Eastern Min Fuzhou 共とも
    Fuzhou (Changle) 共とも
    Fuqing 共とも
    Yongtai 共とも
    Gutian 共とも
    Fu'an 共とも
    Ningde 共とも
    Shouning 隨ずい
    Zhouning 傮, 共とも
    Fuding 跟
    Southern Min Xiamen 佮, 交
    Xiamen (Tong'an) 佮
    Quanzhou 佮, 交
    Zhangzhou 佮
    Tainan 佮
    Penang (Hokkien) 佮
    Singapore (Hokkien) 佮
    Manila (Hokkien) 佮, 交
    Chaozhou 佮, 共とも
    Shantou 佮
    Jieyang 佮
    Singapore (Teochew) 佮
    Pontianak (Teochew) 佮
    Leizhou 共とも
    Wenchang 共とも
    Haikou 共とも
    Qionghai 共とも
    Zhongshan Min Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) 同どう, 同どう埋うめ
    Waxiang Guzhang (Gaofeng) 跟, 邀
    Wu Shanghai 脫だっ, 脫だつ仔こ, 得とく, 得とく仔こ, 搭, 搭仔, 交, 幫, 同どう, 跟
    Shanghai (Songjiang) 搭
    Shanghai (Chongming) 脫だっ
    Suzhou 搭, 搭仔
    Danyang 同どう, 跟
    Hangzhou 同どう
    Ningbo 搭, 搭仔
    Wenzhou 伉
    Jinhua 亨とおる, 跟
    Xiang Changsha 跟
    Loudi 跟
    Shuangfeng 跟, 同どう
    • (for):
    Dialectal synonyms of 替がえ (“for”) [map]
    Variety Location Words
    Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 替がえ, 為ため
    Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 給きゅう, 替がえ
    Taiwan 給きゅう, 替がえ
    Singapore 替がえ
    Jilu Mandarin Jinan 給きゅう, 替がえ
    Central Plains Mandarin Xi'an 替がえ, 給きゅう
    Southwestern Mandarin Chengdu 幫, 給きゅう, 跟
    Wuhan 跟, 幫
    Jianghuai Mandarin Yangzhou 代だい, 替がえ
    Hefei 代だい, 幫
    Cantonese Guangzhou 同どう, 幫
    Hong Kong 同どう, 幫
    Yangjiang 替がえ, 幐
    Gan Nanchang 跟, 幫
    Hakka Meixian 同どう, 代だい
    Jin Taiyuan 替がえ, 給きゅう
    Northern Min Jian'ou 替がえ, 幫
    Eastern Min Fuzhou 替がえ, 共とも
    Southern Min Xiamen 替がえ, 共とも
    Quanzhou 共とも
    Zhangzhou 共とも
    Tainan 替がえ, 共とも
    Singapore (Hokkien) 替がえ, 共とも
    Chaozhou 代だい, 個こ
    Wu Shanghai 幫, 搭
    Suzhou 替がえ, 搭
    Wenzhou 代だい
    Xiang Changsha 幫, 跟, 代だい
    Shuangfeng 幫
    • (used in imperative sentences for emphasis):
    Dialectal synonyms of 給きゅう (“(used in imperative sentences for emphasis)”) [map]
    Variety Location Words
    Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 給きゅう
    Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 給きゅう
    Taiwan 給きゅう
    Cantonese Hong Kong 同どう
    Southern Min Tainan 共とも
    Wu Shanghai 幫, 交
    • (particle introducing the object of the verb):
    Dialectal synonyms of 把わ (“particle introducing the object of the verb”) [map]
    Variety Location Words
    Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 將はた, 把わ
    Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 把わ
    Taiwan 把わ
    Singapore 把わ
    Jilu Mandarin Jinan 把わ
    Central Plains Mandarin Xi'an 把わ
    Southwestern Mandarin Chengdu 把わ
    Wuhan 把わ
    Guilin 把わ
    Jianghuai Mandarin Yangzhou 把わ
    Hefei 把わ, 幫
    Cantonese Guangzhou 將はた, 𢬿 dated
    Hong Kong 將はた
    Jiangmen (Xinhui) 將はた
    Taishan 將はた
    Kaiping (Chikan) 將はた, 𢬿, 討
    Enping (Niujiang) 𢬿, 討
    Yangjiang 將はた
    Singapore (Guangfu) 將はた
    Gan Nanchang 把わ
    Hakka Meixian 將はた, 將しょう把わ
    Xingning 將はた, 將しょう把わ, 捉到
    Huidong (Daling) 將はた
    Shaoguan (Qujiang) 將はた
    Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang) 將はた
    Changting 將はた
    Wuping 拿
    Wuping (Pingyu) 捉
    Ninghua 把わ
    Ruijin 將はた
    Shicheng 拿
    Shangyou (Shexi) 拿
    Miaoli (N. Sixian) 將はた
    Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 將はた
    Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 將はた
    Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 將はた
    Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 將はた
    Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 將はた
    Jin Taiyuan 把わ
    Northern Min Jian'ou 拿, 邀
    Eastern Min Fuzhou 將はた, 共とも, 揢
    Matsu 揢
    Southern Min Xiamen 將はた, 共とも
    Quanzhou 將はた, 共とも
    Zhangzhou 將はた, 共とも
    Tainan 將はた, 共とも
    Singapore (Hokkien) 將はた
    Manila (Hokkien) 共とも
    Chaozhou 將はた, 對たい, 個こ
    Shantou 將はた, 把わ將はた, 對たい
    Jieyang 將はた, 把わ, 把わ將はた, 對たい, 忐, 個こ
    Haifeng 將はた
    Singapore (Teochew) 將はた, 把わ將はた
    Haikou 把わ
    Waxiang Guzhang (Gaofeng) 跟
    Yuanling (Shaojiwan) 跟
    Wu Shanghai 拿
    Suzhou 拿
    Ningbo 搭, 把わ rare
    Wenzhou 逮
    Xiang Changsha 把わ
    Shuangfeng 把わ
    Note
    [edit]

    Compounds

    [edit]

    Descendants

    [edit]
    Sino-Xenic (共とも):
    • → Vietnamese: cộng (共とも)

    Others:

    Etymology 2

    [edit]

    Pronunciation

    [edit]
    Rime
    Character 共とも
    Reading # 1/2
    Initial (聲こえ) 見み (28)
    Final (韻いん) 鍾 (7)
    Tone (調しらべ) Level (Ø)
    Openness (開ひらき合あい) Open
    Division (等ひとし) III
    Fanqie 九きゅう容よう切きり
    Baxter kjowng
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/kɨoŋ/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/kioŋ/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/kioŋ/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/kuawŋ/
    Li
    Rong         		/kioŋ/
    Wang
    Li         		/kĭwoŋ/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/ki̯woŋ/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		jiōng
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		gung1
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 共とも
    Reading # 1/2
    No. 4170
    Phonetic
    component         		共とも
    Rime
    group         		東ひがし
    Rime
    subdivision         		0
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		恭きょう
    Old
    Chinese         		/*kloŋ/

    Definitions

    [edit]

    共とも

    1. a surname

    Etymology 3

    [edit]

    Pronunciation

    [edit]
    Rime
    Character 共とも
    Reading # 1/2
    Initial (聲こえ) 見み (28)
    Final (韻いん) 鍾 (7)
    Tone (調しらべ) Level (Ø)
    Openness (開ひらき合あい) Open
    Division (等ひとし) III
    Fanqie 九きゅう容よう切きり
    Baxter kjowng
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/kɨoŋ/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/kioŋ/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/kioŋ/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/kuawŋ/
    Li
    Rong         		/kioŋ/
    Wang
    Li         		/kĭwoŋ/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/ki̯woŋ/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		jiōng
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		gung1
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 共とも
    Reading # 1/2
    No. 4170
    Phonetic
    component         		共とも
    Rime
    group         		東ひがし
    Rime
    subdivision         		0
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		恭きょう
    Old
    Chinese         		/*kloŋ/

    Definitions

    [edit]

    共とも

    1. (literary) Alternative form of 供きょう (“to provide”)
    2. (literary) Alternative form of 恭きょう (gōng, “respectful”)
    3. (literary) Alternative form of 宮みや／宫 (gōng, “castration (as punishment)”)

    Etymology 4

    [edit]

    Pronunciation

    [edit]

    Definitions

    [edit]

    共とも

    1. (literary) Alternative form of 拱 (gǒng, “to fold the hands in front of the breast; to surround”)

    References

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    Japanese

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    Kanji

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    共とも

    (Fourth grade kyōiku kanji)

    1. together
    2. both
    3. all
    4. with
    5. co-

    Readings

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    Pronunciation

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    Compounds

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    Compounds

    Noun

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    共とも(とも) • (tomo) 

    1. both, all

    Prefix

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    共とも(きょう) • (kyō-) 

    1. co-

    Suffix

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    共とも(とも) • (-tomo) 

    1. altogether
    2. ...included
      送おく(そう)料りょう(りょう)共とも(とも)
      sōryō-tomo
      including shipping fees, including postage

    Synonyms

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    Suffix

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    共とも(ども) • (-domo) 

    1. indicates plural:
      1. when attached to a human noun
      2. (Classical Japanese) when attached to any noun
        • c. 1001–1014, Murasaki Shikibu, Genji Monogatari (Aoi)
          「まづ、女おんな(によう)房ぼう(ばう)出で(い)でね」とて、童わらわ(わらは)の姿すがた(すがた)どものをかしげなるを御覧ごらん(ごらん)ず。いとらうたげなる髪かみ(かみ)どものすそ、 […]
          “Mazu, niyōbau idene” tote, waraha no sugata domo no okashige naru o goran zu. Ito rautage naru kami domo no suso, […]
          "Starting with the court girls", he said, looking at the young servants' pretty forms. The beautiful tips of their hairs, […]

    Usage notes

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    Affixing 共ども to oneself indicates humbleness. Affixing 共ども to other people is disrespectful compared to 達たち (たち, -tachi).

    Synonyms

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    References

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    1. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林だいじりん [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

    Korean

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    Hanja

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    共とも (eumhun 함께 공 (hamkke gong))

    1. hanja form? of 공 (“common; together”)

    Compounds

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    Vietnamese

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    Han character

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    共とも: Hán Việt readings: cung, cộng, củng
    共とも: Nôm readings: cùng, cũng, cọng, cụng, gọng

    1. chữ Hán form of cộng (“to add; plus”).
    2. Nôm form of cùng (“with, and; same”).

    References

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    • Thiều Chửu : Hán Việt Tự Điển Hà Nội 1942
    • Trần Văn Chánh: Từ Điển Hán Việt NXB Trẻ, Ho Chi Minh Ville, 1999
    • Vũ Văn Kính: Đại Tự Điển Chữ Nôm, NXB Văn Nghệ, Ho Chi Minh Ville, 1999
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