Hainanese

Hainanese
Hainanese
Qiongwen, Hainan Min
海南かいなん話ばなし, Hhai3 nam2 ue1, Hái-nâm-oe
Pronunciation	[hai˨˩˧ nam˨˩ ue˨˧] (Haikou dialect)
Native to	China, Singapore, Thailand
Region	Hainan
Ethnicity	Hainanese
Native speakers	Around 5 million in China (2002)
Language family	Sino-Tibetan Sinitic Chinese Min Coastal Min Qiong–Lei Hainanese; ; ; ; ; ;
Early forms	Proto-Sino-Tibetan Old Chinese Proto-Min ; ;
Dialects	Haikou; Wenchang; Qionghai; Wanning; Lingshui; Sanya;
Writing system	Chinese characters[citation needed]; Hainanese Pinyin Hainan Romanized
Language codes
ISO 639-3	hnm
Glottolog	hain1238
Linguasphere	79-AAA-k
	Hainanese
	Varieties of the Hainanese spoken in Hainan.
	This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

The Book of Genesis in *Bǽh-oe-tu*, published by the Bible Society of Great Britain

Hainanese (Hainan Romanised: Hái-nâm-oe, Hainanese Pinyin: Hhai3 nam2 ue1, simplified Chinese: 海南かいなん话; traditional Chinese: 海南かいなん話ばなし; pinyin: Hǎinánhuà), also known as Qiongwen (simplified Chinese: 琼文话; traditional Chinese: 瓊文話ばなし), Qiongyu (琼语; 瓊語) or Hainan Min (海南かいなん闽语; 海南かいなん閩語) ^[5] is a group of Min Chinese varieties spoken in the far southern Chinese island province of Hainan and regional Overseas Chinese communities such as in Singapore and Thailand.

In the classification of Yuan Jiahua, it was included in the Southern Min group, being mutually unintelligible with other Southern Min varieties such as Hokkien–Taiwanese and Teochew.^[6] In the classification of Li Rong, used by the Language Atlas of China, it was treated as a separate Min subgroup.^[7] Hou Jingyi combined it with Leizhou Min, spoken on the neighboring mainland Leizhou Peninsula, in a Qiong–Lei group.^[8] "Hainanese" is also used for the language of the Li people living in Hainan, but generally refers to Min varieties spoken in Hainan.

Phonology

The phonologies of the different varieties of Hainanese are highly divergent,^[9] with the Wenchang dialect being the prestige dialect, and often used as a reference.^[10]

Consonants

Below is a table for the consonants of Hainanese across the dialects of Wenchang, Haikou and Banqiao.^[9] For more information on a specific variety, please consult the relevant article.

		Labial	Dental		Alveolo- palatal	Velar	Glottal
Plosive	voiceless	/p/^[i] 爸 pa	/t/ 洗あらい toi			/k/ 公おおやけ kong	/ʔ/ 啊 a
	aspirated	/pʰ/^[i]^[ii] 婆ばば pho	/tʰ/^[i]			/kʰ/^[i]^[ii] 去さ khu
	voiced	/b/^[iii]	/d/^[iii]			/g/^[iv] 我わが gua
	implosive	/ɓ/^[iii]^[ii] 北きた ɓak	/ɗ/^[iii]^[ii] 茶ちゃ ɗei			(/ɠ/)^[v]
Affricate	voiceless			/ts/^[i]^[ii]	/tɕ/^[iv] 食しょく tsia
	aspirated			/tsʰ/^[i]
	voiced			/dz/^[i]	/dʑ/^[iv] 日ひ jit
Fricative	voiceless	/ɸ/^[iv] 皮かわ fi	/θしーた/^[i]	/s/ 事こと sei	/ɕ/^[iv]^[ii]	/x/	/h/ 海うみ hai
Fricative	voiced	/v/^[i]^[ii] 文ぶん vun		/z/^[ii] 欲よく zok			/ɦ/^[iv]
Nasal		/m/ 目め mak	/n/ 念ねん niam			/ŋ/ 乐 ngak
Approximant		/w/^[iv] 发 wat	/l/ 老ろう lao		/j/^[iv] 肉にく yok

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Present in the Banqiao dialect.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Present in the Haikou dialect.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Present in the Wenchang dialect, where there is a phonemic distinction between voiced and implosive stop consonants.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Present in the Wenchang dialect.
^ Not usually transcribed as /ɠ/, and not phonemically distinct from /g/ in the Wenchang dialect or from /ŋ/ in other Hainanese varieties.^[11]

Many of the most widely spoken varieties of Hainanese notably have a series of implosive consonants, /ɓ/ and /ɗ/, which were acquired through contact with surrounding languages, probably Hlai. However, more conservative varieties of Hainanese such as Banqiao remain closer to Teochew and other varieties of Southern Min, lack them.^[9]

The consonant system of Hainanese corresponds well with that of Hokkien, but it has had some restructuring. In particular:^[9]

Etymological plain stops have undergone implosivization (*p > [ɓ], *t > [ɗ]) in the more innovative varieties such as Wenchang and Haikou.
Etymological aspirated stops have spirantized (*pʰ > [ɸ], *tʰ > [h], *tsʰ > [ɕ], *kʰ > [h~x]) in more innovative varieties.
The lenition of an historic *b into [v] in Banqiao and Haikou, though not in Wenchang.
Former *s has hardened into a stop (*s > [t]), although in the more conservative Banqiao dialect some instances have only undergone fortition to (*s > [θしーた]), and others have remained [s].
Former *h has become [ɦ] in Wenchang.

Additionally, [ʑ] is an allophone of /j/.

These changes also make Hainanese fairly close to Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary.

Chinese character	Mandarin	Taiwanese Hokkien	Haikou Hainanese	Sino-Vietnamese
邪よこしま	xié	siâ	dia2	da
仙せん	xiān	sian	din1	tiên
散ち	sàn	suànn	dan4	tàn
跡あと	jì	jiak	di1	tích
神かみ	shén	sîn	din2	thần
痴ち	chī	chi	si1	si

Vowels

Hainanese has seven phonemic vowels ^{[citation needed]}.

	Front	Central	Back
Close	/i/		/u/
Close-mid	/e/		/o/
Open-mid	/ɛ/		/ɔ/
Open		/a/

Tones

Tone chart of the Hainan dialect
Tone number	Tone name	Tone contour	Example
1	yin ping (阴平)	˨˦ (24)	诗
2	yang ping (阳平)	˨˩ (21)	时
3	yin shang (阴上)	˨˩˩ (211)	死し
4	yin qu (阴去)	˧˥ (35)	四よん
5	yang qu (阳去)	˧ (33)	是これ
6	yin ru (阴入)	˥ (5)	失しつ
7	yang ru (阳入)	˧ (3)	实
8	chang ru (长入)	˥ (55)	视

Romanization

Hainanese Pinyin

Hainanese Pinyin (海南かいなん话拼音おん方案ほうあん) is a phonetic system announced by the Education Administration Department of Guangdong Province in September 1960. It marks tones with numbers.

Initials

IPA	Hainanese Pinyin	Bǽh-oe-tu	Example
/ɓ/	b	b	北きた
/p/	b	p	波なみ
/pʰ/	p	ph	坡
/ɸ/	p	f	皮かわ
/m/	m	m	摩ま
/b/	v	b	?
/v/	v	v	无
/t/	d	t	装そう
/ɗ/	dd	d	刀かたな
/n/	n	n	挪
/l/	l	l	罗
/k/	g	k	哥
/ŋ/	ng	g	俄にわか
/x/	h	kh	可か
/h/	hh	h	号ごう
/ɠ/	gh	g	我わが
/ts/	z	c	支ささえ
/s/	s	s	妻つま
/z/	y	j	余よ

Finals

IPA	Hainanese Pinyin	Bǽh-oe-tu	Example
/a/	a	a	亚
/o/	o	o	荷に
/ɛ/	e	e	摩ま
/i/	i	i	医い
/u/	u	u	呜
ai	ai	ai	哀あい
ɔi	oi	oi	鞋
au	ao	au	喉のど
ia	ia	ia	也
iɔ	io	io	腰こし
ua	ua	oa	换
ue	ue	oe	话
ui	ui	oi	威い
uai	uai	oai	坏
ɔu	ou	ou	黑くろ
iu	iu	iu	柚ゆず
iau	iao	iau	妖
iam	iam	iam	厌
im	im	im	音おと
am	am	am	暗くら
an	an	an	安やす
in	in	in	烟けむり
un	un	un	温ぬる
uan	uan	oan	弯
aŋ	ang	ag	红
eŋ	eng	eg	英えい
ɔŋ	ong	og	翁おう
iaŋ	iang	iag	央ひさし
uaŋ	uang	oag	汪ひろし
iɔŋ	iong	iog	匈
ip	ib	ib	邑
iap	iab	iab	协
at	ad	at	遏
it	id	it	乙おつ
ut	ud	ut	核かく
uat	uad	oat	挖
ak	ag	ak	鹤
ek	eg	ek	益えき
ok	og	ok	喔
iok	iog	iok	育いく
uak	uag	oak	廓くるわ
-ʔ	-h	-h	不ふ

Notes

^ Min is believed to have split from Old Chinese, rather than Middle Chinese like other varieties of Chinese.^[2]^[3]^[4]

References

^ Hou, Jingyi 侯ほう精一せいいち (2002). Xiàndài Hànyǔ fāngyán gàilùn 现代汉语方言ほうげん概がい论 [An Introduction to Modern Chinese Dialects]. Shanghai Educational Press 上海しゃんはい教育きょういく出版しゅっぱん社しゃ. pp. 207–208.
^ Mei, Tsu-lin (1970), "Tones and prosody in Middle Chinese and the origin of the rising tone", Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, 30: 86–110, doi:10.2307/2718766, JSTOR 2718766
^ Pulleyblank, Edwin G. (1984), Middle Chinese: A study in Historical Phonology, Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, p. 3, ISBN 978-0-7748-0192-8
^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (2023-07-10). "Glottolog 4.8 - Min". Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. doi:10.5281/zenodo.7398962. Archived from the original on 2023-10-13. Retrieved 2023-10-13.
^ "为新加か坡琼属ぞく"寻根"的てき热心人じん——王おう振ふ春はる". Hainan.gov (in Chinese). 中新ちゅうしん海南かいなん网. Archived from the original on 22 March 2020. Retrieved 22 March 2020. 他た组织演出えんしゅつ琼语话剧《海南かいなん四条しじょう街がい》，搬上新しん琼舞台ぶたい，引起两地海南かいなん人的じんてき共ども鸣。
^ Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., eds. (2017). Ethnologue: Languages of the World (20th ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International. Chinese, Min Nan.
^ Kurpaska, Maria (2010). Chinese Language(s): A Look Through the Prism of "The Great Dictionary of Modern Chinese Dialects". Walter de Gruyter. pp. 54–55, 86. ISBN 978-3-11-021914-2.
^ Hou, Jingyi 侯ほう精一せいいち (2002). Xiàndài Hànyǔ fāngyán gàilùn 现代汉语方言ほうげん概がい论 [An Introduction to Modern Chinese Dialects]. Shanghai Educational Press 上海しゃんはい教育きょういく出版しゅっぱん社しゃ. p. 238.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Huang, Karen (2006). "Contact-induced changes in the languages of Hainan". Annual Student Conference of the College of Languages, Linguistics, and Literature. University of Hawaii.
^ "其中文ぶん昌あきら话语音おと清きよし晰，影かげ响较大だい，被ひ视为海南かいなん话的标准语，是ぜ海南かいなん广播电台、电视台だい与あずか社会しゃかい使用しよう的てき主要しゅよう方言ほうげん。" From "《文ぶん昌あきら县志·第だい二に十じゅう九きゅう编社会しゃかい习俗·第だい三さん章しょう方言ほうげん》". Archived from the original on 2015-05-18. Retrieved 2023-10-23.
^ "Amaravati: Abode of Amritas: 08.6.20.23:50: HAINANESE 缩气音おん 'SHRUNKEN BREATH SOUNDS'". www.amritas.com. *Xu and Yang regard [g] (their gz) as an implosive, but it sounds like a regular [g] to me. I presume Li Fang-kuei also heard a regular [g], as he only reported two implosives in Haina[n]ese: [ɓ ɗ].

External links

Learn hainanese Archived 2018-07-01 at the Wayback Machine

[fnBQ-12] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Present in the Banqiao dialect.

[fnHaikou-13] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Present in the Haikou dialect.

[fnWCh1-14] Present in the Wenchang dialect, where there is a phonemic distinction between voiced and implosive stop consonants.

[fnWCh2-15] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Present in the Wenchang dialect.

[Amritas-17] Not usually transcribed as /ɠ/, and not phonemically distinct from /g/ in the Wenchang dialect or from /ŋ/ in other Hainanese varieties.^[11]

[minClassification-5] Min is believed to have split from Old Chinese, rather than Middle Chinese like other varieties of Chinese.^[2]^[3]^[4]

[hou207-1] Hou, Jingyi 侯ほう精一せいいち (2002). Xiàndài Hànyǔ fāngyán gàilùn 现代汉语方言ほうげん概がい论 [An Introduction to Modern Chinese Dialects]. Shanghai Educational Press 上海しゃんはい教育きょういく出版しゅっぱん社しゃ. pp. 207–208.

[2] Mei, Tsu-lin (1970), "Tones and prosody in Middle Chinese and the origin of the rising tone", Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, 30: 86–110, doi:10.2307/2718766, JSTOR 2718766

[3] Pulleyblank, Edwin G. (1984), Middle Chinese: A study in Historical Phonology, Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, p. 3, ISBN 978-0-7748-0192-8

[glottoMin-4] Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (2023-07-10). "Glottolog 4.8 - Min". Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. doi:10.5281/zenodo.7398962. Archived from the original on 2023-10-13. Retrieved 2023-10-13.

[6] "为新加か坡琼属ぞく"寻根"的てき热心人じん——王おう振ふ春はる". Hainan.gov (in Chinese). 中新ちゅうしん海南かいなん网. Archived from the original on 22 March 2020. Retrieved 22 March 2020. 他た组织演出えんしゅつ琼语话剧《海南かいなん四条しじょう街がい》，搬上新しん琼舞台ぶたい，引起两地海南かいなん人的じんてき共ども鸣。

[7] Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., eds. (2017). Ethnologue: Languages of the World (20th ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International. Chinese, Min Nan.

[8] Kurpaska, Maria (2010). Chinese Language(s): A Look Through the Prism of "The Great Dictionary of Modern Chinese Dialects". Walter de Gruyter. pp. 54–55, 86. ISBN 978-3-11-021914-2.

[hou238-9] Hou, Jingyi 侯ほう精一せいいち (2002). Xiàndài Hànyǔ fāngyán gàilùn 现代汉语方言ほうげん概がい论 [An Introduction to Modern Chinese Dialects]. Shanghai Educational Press 上海しゃんはい教育きょういく出版しゅっぱん社しゃ. p. 238.

[Huang_2006-10] Huang, Karen (2006). "Contact-induced changes in the languages of Hainan". Annual Student Conference of the College of Languages, Linguistics, and Literature. University of Hawaii.

[wenchang_2015-11] "其中文ぶん昌あきら话语音おと清きよし晰，影かげ响较大だい，被ひ视为海南かいなん话的标准语，是ぜ海南かいなん广播电台、电视台だい与あずか社会しゃかい使用しよう的てき主要しゅよう方言ほうげん。" From "《文ぶん昌あきら县志·第だい二に十じゅう九きゅう编社会しゃかい习俗·第だい三さん章しょう方言ほうげん》". Archived from the original on 2015-05-18. Retrieved 2023-10-23.

[16] "Amaravati: Abode of Amritas: 08.6.20.23:50: HAINANESE 缩气音おん 'SHRUNKEN BREATH SOUNDS'". www.amritas.com. *Xu and Yang regard [g] (their gz) as an implosive, but it sounds like a regular [g] to me. I presume Li Fang-kuei also heard a regular [g], as he only reported two implosives in Haina[n]ese: [ɓ ɗ].

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