西にし

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See also: 四よん, 𠁤, 酉とり, 襾, and 覀
西にし U+897F, 西
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-897F
← 襾
[U+897E] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 覀 →
[U+8980]
⻄ U+2EC4, ⻄
CJK RADICAL WEST TWO
← ⻃
[U+2EC3] 		CJK Radicals Supplement ⻅ →
[U+2EC5]

Translingual

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Stroke order
6 strokes
Stroke order

Han character

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See images of
Radical 146 西にし

西にし (Kangxi radical 146, 襾+0, 6 strokes, cangjie input 一いち金田かねだ (MCW), four-corner 10600, composition ⿱一いち𠁤)

Derived characters

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References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 1128, character 10
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 34763
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1595, character 19
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2805, character 2
  • Unihan data for U+897F

Chinese

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Glyph origin

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Historical forms of the character 西にし
Shang Western Zhou Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Bronze inscriptions Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Qin slip script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (西にし) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
粞 *sɯːl, *sɯːl
洒 *sraːls, *sɯːlʔ
西にし *sɯːl
卤 *sɯːl
卥 *sɯːl
栖 *sɯːl, *sɯːls
茜あかね *sʰɯːns
哂 *hjɯnʔ

Pictogram (象形しょうけい) – a bag or basket, borrowed for phonetic value. Compare 東ひがし (OC *toːŋ, “bundle > east”). Traditionally explained as a pictogram of a bird settling into its nest, which by analogy with the setting of the sun means “west”. This etymology has been disputed (Sears), but Sagart (2004) stands by it.

Etymology 1

[edit]
simp. and trad.
 西にし
alternative forms 㢴
卤

The word is traditionally reconstructed to have a /*s/-initial in Old Chinese, e.g. /*sɯːl/ in Zhengzhang (2003). However, recent scholarship has suggested that the Old Chinese initial should instead be reconstructed as /*s-nˤ/, one of the reasons being 西にし appears to be the phonetic in 迺 (nǎi), the archaic graphic variant of 乃 (OC *nɯːʔ). The new reconstruction, /*s-nˤər/ in Baxter and Sagart (2014), also accounts for how 西にし can be the phonetic in 哂 (shěn, “to smile”). For more information, see Sagart (2004), Baxter and Sagart (2014) and Nohara (2018).

In light of the new construction with the initial consonant cluster /*s-nˤ/, the possibilities of the etymology of 西にし, aside from being cognate with 棲／栖 (qī, “to roost; to rest”) (B-S OC /*s-nˤər/), include:

Pronunciation

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Note:
  • sai - vernacular;
  • se - literary;
  • si - vernacular (limited, e.g. 西瓜すいか (si-koe)).
Note:
  • sai - literary;
  • si1 - vernacular (for 西瓜すいか).
  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 西にし
Mandarin Beijing /ɕi⁵⁵/
Harbin /ɕi⁴⁴/
Tianjin /ɕi²¹/
Jinan /ɕi²¹³/
Qingdao /si²¹³/
Zhengzhou /si²⁴/
Xi'an /ɕi²¹/
Xining /ɕji⁴⁴/
Yinchuan /ɕi⁴⁴/
Lanzhou /ɕi³¹/
Ürümqi /ɕi⁴⁴/
Wuhan /ɕi⁵⁵/
Chengdu /ɕi⁵⁵/
Guiyang /ɕi⁵⁵/
Kunming /ɕi⁴⁴/
Nanjing /si³¹/
Hefei /sz̩²¹/
Jin Taiyuan /ɕi¹¹/
Pingyao /ɕi¹³/
/sei¹³/ ～瓜ふり
Hohhot /ɕi³¹/
Wu Shanghai /ɕi⁵³/
Suzhou /si⁵⁵/
Hangzhou /ɕi³³/
Wenzhou /sei³³/
Hui Shexian /si³¹/
Tunxi /se¹¹/
Xiang Changsha /si³³/
Xiangtan /si³³/
Gan Nanchang /ɕi⁴²/
Hakka Meixian /si⁴⁴/
Taoyuan /si²⁴/
Cantonese Guangzhou /sɐi⁵³/
Nanning /ɬɐi⁵⁵/
Hong Kong /sɐi⁵⁵/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /se⁵⁵/
/sai⁵⁵/ 東ひがし～
/si⁵⁵/ ～瓜ふり
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /sɛ⁴⁴/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /sai⁵⁴/
/si⁵⁴/
Shantou (Teochew) /si³³/
/sai³³/
Haikou (Hainanese) /si²³/
/tai²³/
Rime
Character 西にし
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲こえ) 心しん (16)
Final (韻いん) 齊ひとし (39)
Tone (調しらべ) Level (Ø)
Openness (開ひらき合あい) Open
Division (等ひとし) IV
Fanqie 先さき稽切きり
Baxter sej
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/sei/
Pan
Wuyun 		/sei/
Shao
Rongfen 		/sɛi/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/sɛj/
Li
Rong 		/sei/
Wang
Li 		/siei/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/siei/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		xī
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		sai1
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 西にし
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		xī
Middle
Chinese 		‹ sej ›
Old
Chinese 		/*s-nˁər/
English west

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 西にし
Reading # 1/1
No. 13236
Phonetic
component 		西にし
Rime
group 		微ほろ
Rime
subdivision 		1
Corresponding
MC rime 		西にし
Old
Chinese 		/*sɯːl/

Definitions

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西にし

  1. west; western
  2. (Cantonese, minced oath) Euphemistic form of 閪／𲈹 (hai1).
    西にし人ひと [Cantonese]  ―  sai1 jan4 [Jyutping]  ―  cunt; jerk
    西にし客きゃく [Cantonese]  ―  sai1 haak3 [Jyutping]  ―  bad customer
    西にし口くち西にし面めん [Cantonese]  ―  sai1 hau2 sai1 min6 [Jyutping]  ―  bitch-face
Coordinate terms
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西北せいほく (xīběi) 北きた 東北とうほく／东北 (dōngběi)
西にし (xī) 東ひがし／东 (dōng)
西南せいなん (xīnán) 南みなみ 東南とうなん／东南 (dōngnán)


Compounds

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Descendants

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Sino-Xenic (西にし):

Others:

Etymology 2

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simp. and trad.
 西にし
alternative forms 篩ふるい／筛

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “From English side?”)

Pronunciation

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Definitions

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西にし (Cantonese)

  1. spin (noun)
    腳趾尾お拉ひしげ西にし／脚あし趾尾拉ひしげ西にし [Cantonese]  ―  goek3 zi2 mei5-1 laai1 sai1 [Jyutping]  ―  to do a sidespin with one's little toe
  2. to spin; to cause to spin
  3. carrying spin
  4. to deviate from a path due to some force
  5. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
    架か車くるま轉うたて彎嗰陣好このみ西にし。 [Cantonese, trad.]
    架か车转弯嗰阵好このみ西にし。 [Cantonese, simp.]
    gaa3 ce1 zyun3 waan1 go2 zan6-2 hou2 sai1. [Jyutping]
    There was strong centrifugal force when the vehicle turned.
  6. to hit (clarification of this definition is needed)
    一いち嘢西にし落佢度ど [Cantonese, trad. and simp.]
    jat1 je5 sai1 lok6 keoi5 dou6 [Jyutping]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)

Compounds

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Japanese

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Kanji

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西にし

(Second grade kyōiku kanji)

  1. west
  2. Europe, European
  3. kanji used to transliterate foreign languages
  4. Short for 西にし班はん牙きば (Supein): Spain, Spanish
  5. autumn

Readings

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Compounds

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Compounds

Etymology 1

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Kanji in this term
西にし
にし
Grade: 2
kun'yomi

Originally a compound of 去さに (ini, “going away”, the 連れん(れん)用よう(よう)形かたち(けい) (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of the verb 去さ(い)ぬ (inu, “to go away”)) +‎ し (shi, “wind; (by extension) direction”, as seen in other ancient-derived words as 嵐あらし (arashi, “storm”, literally “wild + wind”), 旋風せんぷう (tsumuji, “whirlwind”), 東ひがし (higashi, “east”, from older pi muka si, literally “sun + facing + wind/direction”)).[1]

First cited in the Kojiki of 712, with the phonetic spelling 爾しか斯 (nisi).[1]

Pronunciation

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Noun

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西にし(にし) • (nishi) 

  1. [from 770] west (one of the four cardinal directions)
    Antonym: 東ひがし (higashi)
  2. the West
  3. [from 712] the west wind, wind blowing from the west
    Antonym: 東ひがし (higashi)
  4. (theater) in kabuki:
    1. [from 1688] the left side of the stage in the Edo-style
    2. [from 1688] the right side of the stage in Kyoto and Osaka styles
  5. [date uncertain] (sumo) lower-ranked wrestlers listed on the left side of a banzuke
    Antonym: 東ひがし (higashi)
  6. [from 1885] the West; (later, more specifically) the capitalist states of the West (originally western Europe, as opposed to Eastern Bloc countries)
    Synonym: 西側にしがわ (nishigawa)
    Antonym: 東ひがし (higashi)
Coordinate terms
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北西ほくせい (hokusei)
西北せいほく (seihoku) 		北きた (kita) 北東ほくとう (hokutō)
東北とうほく (tōhoku)
西にし (nishi) 東ひがし (higashi)
西南せいなん (seinan)
南西なんせい (nansei) 		南みなみ (minami) 東南とうなん (tōnan)
南東なんとう (nantō)


Derived terms
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Derived terms
Idioms
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Proverbs
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Idioms

Proper noun

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西にし(にし) • (Nishi) 

  1. (Buddhism) Synonym of 西方せいほう浄土じょうど (Saihō Jōdo): the western paradise of Amitabha Buddha
  2. (Buddhism) Short for 西本願寺にしほんがんじ (Nishi Hongan-ji): a Buddhist temple in Kyoto
    Synonym: お西にし (o-Nishi)
  3. (historical) a red-light district in Edo-period Shinjuku (as it was located west of Edo Castle)
  4. a place name, especially the name of various wards in major cities throughout Japan
  5. a surname

Etymology 2

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Kanji in this term
西にし
しゃー
Grade: 2
irregular

Possibly a corruption of Mandarin 西にし (xī, “west”).

Noun

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西にし(シャー) • (shā) 

  1. (mahjong) west wind (mahjong tile)
    Hypernym: 風ふう牌ぱい (kazehai, fanpai)
  2. (mahjong) a 役やく (yaku, “winning hand”) with a triplet or quad of west wind tiles; depending on wind round and player's seat wind, it is worth either 1 or 2 翻こぼし (han, “doubles”)
    Hypernym: 役やく牌ぱい (yakuhai, yaku-pai)
See also
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References

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 “西にし”, in 日本にっぽん国語こくご大だい辞典じてん [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎[1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2000
  2. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林だいじりん [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  3. ^ Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新しん明解めいかい国語こくご辞典じてん [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  4. ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語にほんご発音はつおんアクセント辞典じてん [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

Korean

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Etymology

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From Middle Chinese 西にし (MC sej).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 솅 (Yale: syèy)
Middle Korean
Text Eumhun
Gloss (hun) Reading
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[3] 셧녁 (Yale: syè-s-nyèk) 셔 (Yale: syè)

Pronunciation

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Hanja

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Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

西にし (eumhun 서녘 서 (seonyeok seo))

  1. hanja form? of 서 (“west; western”)

Compounds

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Compounds

References

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  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際こくさい退すさ溪けい學會がっかい 大邱たいきゅう慶けい北きた支部しぶ) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子でんし字典じてん. [4]

Okinawan

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Kanji

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西にし

(Second grade kyōiku kanji)

Readings

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Noun

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西にし(いり) (iri) 

  1. the West

Compounds

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Vietnamese

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Han character

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西にし: Hán Việt readings: tây, tê
西にし: Nôm readings: tây

  1. west
  2. West (the Western world)

Compounds

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References

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  • Thiều Chửu : Hán Việt Tự Điển Hà Nội 1942
  • Trần Văn Chánh: Từ Điển Hán Việt NXB Trẻ, Ho Chi Minh Ville, 1999
  • Vũ Văn Kính: Đại Tự Điển Chữ Nôm, NXB Văn Nghệ, Ho Chi Minh Ville, 1999
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