中國ちゅうごく

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See also: 中国ちゅうごく

Chinese

[edit]
middle; centre; within
middle; centre; within; among; in; while (doing sth); during; China; Chinese; hit (the mark)
 
 country; state; nation
trad. (中國ちゅうごく) 中なか 國くに
simp. (中国ちゅうごく) 中なか 国くに
anagram 國中くになか／国中くになか
Literally: “middle country; central country”.

Pronunciation

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Rime
Character 中なか 國くに
Reading # 1/2 1/1
Initial (聲こえ) 知ち (9) 見み (28)
Final (韻いん) 東ひがし (2) 德とく (132)
Tone (調しらべ) Level (Ø) Checked (Ø)
Openness (開ひらき合あい) Open Closed
Division (等ひとし) III I
Fanqie 陟のぼる弓ゆみ切きり 古ふる或ある切きり
Baxter trjuwng kwok
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/ʈɨuŋ/ /kwək̚/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ʈiuŋ/ /kʷək̚/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ȶiuŋ/ /kuək̚/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/ʈuwŋ/ /kwək̚/
Li
Rong 		/ȶiuŋ/ /kuək̚/
Wang
Li 		/ȶĭuŋ/ /kuək̚/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/ȶi̯uŋ/ /kwək̚/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		zhōng guo
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		zung1 gwak1
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 中なか 國くに
Reading # 1/2 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		zhōng guó
Middle
Chinese 		‹ trjuwng › ‹ kwok ›
Old
Chinese 		/*truŋ/ /*[C.q]ʷˁək/
English center state (n.)

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 中なか 國くに
Reading # 1/2 1/1
No. 17407 5547
Phonetic
component 		中なか 或ある
Rime
group 		終おわり 職しょく
Rime
subdivision 		0 0
Corresponding
MC rime 		中なか 國くに
Old
Chinese 		/*tuŋ/ /*kʷɯːɡ/
This entry needs pronunciation information. If you are familiar with the IPA then please add some!
Particularly: “Gan”
This entry needs pronunciation information. If you are familiar with the IPA then please add some!
Particularly: “Jin”
This entry needs pronunciation information. If you are familiar with the IPA then please add some!
Particularly: “Xiang”
This entry needs pronunciation information. If you are familiar with the IPA then please add some!
Particularly: “Northern Min”

Etymology 1

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Earliest attested on the Western Zhou bronze vessel He zun. See Names of China#Zhongguo.

隹ふるとり珷王おう既すんで克かつ大だい邑商，𠟭廷吿于天てん，曰：余よ𠀠宅たく𢆶𠁩或ある，自じ之これ辥民みん。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad.]
隹ふるとり珷王おう既すんで克かつ大だい邑商，𠟭廷告つげ于天てん，曰：余よ𠀠宅たく𢆶𠁩或ある，自じ之これ辥民みん。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, simp.]
From: He zun inscription, translated by Pankenier (2013)
Wéi Wǔwáng jì kè Dàyìshāng, zé tíng gào yú Tiān, yuē: yú qí zhái zī Zhōngguó, zì zhī yì mín. [Pinyin]
When King Wu conquered the great city Shang, he then made reverent declarations to Heaven, saying: "Let me dwell in this, the central region, and from here govern the people."

Proper noun

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中國ちゅうごく

  1. China (a country in Asia; capital: Beijing)
    中國ちゅうごく和平わへい崛起／中国ちゅうごく和平わへい崛起  ―  Zhōngguó hépíng juéqǐ  ―  China's peaceful rise
    中國ちゅうごく社會しゃかい科學かがく院いん／中国ちゅうごく社会しゃかい科学かがく院いん  ―  Zhōngguó shèhuìkēxuéyuàn  ―  the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences
    中國ちゅうごく典籍てんせき英譯えいやく／中国ちゅうごく典籍てんせき英えい译  ―  Zhōngguó diǎnjí yīngyì  ―  English translations of Chinese classics
    干涉かんしょう中國ちゅうごく內政／干涉かんしょう中国ちゅうごく内政ないせい  ―  gānshè Zhōngguó nèizhèng  ―  to interfere in China's internal affairs
    中國ちゅうごく的てき首都しゅと是これ北京ぺきん。 [MSC, trad.]
    中国ちゅうごく的てき首都しゅと是これ北京ぺきん。 [MSC, simp.]
    Zhōngguó de shǒudū shì Běijīng. [Pinyin]
    The capital of China is Beijing.
    他た現在げんざい在ざい中國ちゅうごく旅行りょこう。 [MSC, trad.]
    他た现在在ざい中国ちゅうごく旅行りょこう。 [MSC, simp.]
    Tā xiànzài zài Zhōngguó lǚxíng. [Pinyin]
    He's travelling around China right now.
    你喜き歡中國ちゅうごく文學ぶんがく嗎？ [MSC, trad.]
    你喜き欢中国ちゅうごく文学ぶんがく吗？ [MSC, simp.]
    Nǐ xǐhuān Zhōngguó wénxué ma? [Pinyin]
    Do you like Chinese literature?
Usage notes
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This word referred to various states and regions throughout history:

Synonyms
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  • (China):
Derived terms
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Noun

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中國ちゅうごく

  1. (Classical) royal court; imperial court; imperial household; imperial government
  2. (Classical) central part of a country (historically, commonly known as the capital city or the main region, where an emperor or other ruler resides)
  3. (Classical) the Central Plain (area on the lower reaches of the Yellow River which formed the cradle of Chinese civilization)
  4. (Classical) people of the Central Plain
Synonyms
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  • (royal court):

Descendants

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Sino-Xenic (中國ちゅうごく):

Others:

Etymology 2

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Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 中なか(ちゅう)国くに(ごく) (Chūgoku), from Chinese 中國ちゅうごく (MC trjuwng kwok, “the central part of a country”).

Proper noun

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中國ちゅうごく

  1. (～地方ちほう, ～地區ちく) the Chūgoku region of Japan

Etymology 3

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Semantic loan from Sanskrit मध्यदेशे m sg (madhyadeśe, locative, literally “in the Middle Country”) (Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā; see Karashima, 2010) or मध्येषु जनपदेषु m pl (madhyeṣu janapadeṣu, “in [the] central countries”) (Abhidharmakośakārikā); as opposed to the 邊地へんち／边地 (biāndì, “borderlands; frontiers”), from Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit प्रत्यन्तिम (pratyantima) / प्रत्यन्त (pratyanta) or Pali paccantima. Cognate to the Pali majjhimesu janapadesu (locative, literally “in the middlemost countries”) in the text parallel to the Ekottara Āgama in the Pali Canon.

Noun

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中國ちゅうごく

  1. (Buddhism) "central countries"; lands with advanced civilization and other conditions helpful for teaching Buddhism

Japanese

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Kanji in this term
中なか 國くに
ちゅう
Grade: 1 		こく > ごく
Jinmeiyō
on'yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of 中國ちゅうごく – see the following entry.
【中国ちゅうごくちゅうごく】
[proper noun] China
[proper noun] (historical or contemporary) any of several kingdoms, empires, or states of the Chinese people
[proper noun] (especially in contemporary usage) short for 中華人民共和国ちゅうかじんみんきょうわこく (Chūka Jinmin Kyōwakoku), the People's Republic of China
[noun] the central part of a country, historically, commonly known as the capital city or the main region, where an emperor or other ruler resides
[noun] something within a country
[noun] (historical) under the 律令りつりょう (Ritsuryō) system, a province of the third rank according to a four-rank system based on population and area
[noun] (historical) under the 律令りつりょう (Ritsuryō) system, a province of the second rank according to the distance from the capital city
[noun] collective term for the 山陽さんよう道どう (San'yōdō) and 山陰さんいん道どう (San'indō) regions of Japan
[proper noun] Short for 中国ちゅうごく地方ちほう (Chūgoku chihō): the Chūgoku region of Japan
【中国ちゅうごくなかくに】
[proper noun] a surname
(This term, 中國ちゅうごく, is the kyūjitai of the above term.)

Korean

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Hanja in this term
中なか國くに

Proper noun

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中國ちゅうごく • (Jungguk) (hangeul 중국)

  1. hanja form? of 중국 (“China”)

Middle Korean

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Etymology

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Borrowed from Middle Chinese 中國ちゅうごく (MC trjuwng kwok, literally “central country”).

Pronunciation

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Proper noun

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中國ちゅうごく (*TYÙNG.KWÚK)

  1. China (a country in Asia)

Descendants

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Vietnamese

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chữ Hán Nôm in this term
中なか國くに

Proper noun

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中國ちゅうごく

  1. chữ Hán form of Trung Quốc (“China”).

Zhuang

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Proper noun

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中國ちゅうごく

  1. Sawndip form of Cunghgoz
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