社会 主 义
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温 斯坦莱创立 了 一 种19世 纪和20世 纪的社会 主 义和共 产主义才会 有 的 集 体 主 义理论。温 斯坦莱抓住 了 现代政治 思想 中 的 主旨 ：国家 权力和 财产制度 与 支持 这种制度 的 思想 体系 有 关。他 主 张以对共同体 的 关注来 取 代 竞争或 革命 。他 也坚持 认为，如果没 有 经济上 的 平等 ，将 不可能 会 有 政治 的 自由 。从这个意义上说，他 也算是 一 个现代人 。
流派 [编辑]
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空想 社会 主 义[编辑]
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16
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科学 社会 主 义[编辑]
而事实的历史发展
苏联的 区 别[编辑]
建立 历史背景 条件 ：马克思 预言的 社会 主 义建立 在 资本主 义极大 发展、资本主 义生产力空 前提 高 的 前提 下 ；而苏联模 式 的 社会 主 义建立 在 沙 皇 俄 国 的 一 战战败，资本主 义尚 未 充分 发展，农奴经济色彩 依然 浓烈的 条件下 。政府 组织模 式 ：马克思 预言的 社会 主 义建立 在 空前 发达的 资本主 义基础上，所以 马克思 预言的 社会 主 义继承了 资本主 义原有 的 民主 体制 ，马克思 的 社会 主 义民主 是 比 资本主 义的民主 更 加 民主 的 政 权组织方式 ；而苏联模式 的 社会 主 义政权组织模式 未 发展资本主 义原有 的 民主 、政治 、经济、法制 ，其主要 表 现在中央 政府 高度 集 权。国 际背景 ：马克思 预言的 从资本主 义过渡到 社会 主 义再过渡到 共 产主义是一项涉及全人类不可逆转的工程，马克思 认为工 人 阶级的 政 权将会 将 整 个人类带入 新 纪元，也就是 说，如果进入共 产主义社会 ，那 么将会 使 全体 人 类共同 进入，实现消 灭贫富 差 别；而苏联模式 下 ，斯大林 首 先 修 改 了 马克思 的 理 论，认为共 产主义在一个国家范围内也是可以建立的。
苏联的 共同 点 [编辑]
国家 社会 主 义[编辑]
民主 社会 主 义和社会 民主 主 义[编辑]
社会 主 义谋求 用 这样一种制度来代替资本主义。在 这种制度 下 ，公共 利益 优先于私人 利 润的利益 。社会 主 义政策 的 当 前 经济目 标是充分 就业，增加 生 产，提 高 生活 水平 ，实行社会 保障 和 推行收入 与 财产的 合理 分配 。
修正 主 义[编辑]
苏联
苏联
中国 特色 社会 主 义[编辑]
20
1978
可 持 续发展 社会 主 义[编辑]
为了实现
批评[编辑]
对
经济
许多对
其
《从资
参 见[编辑]
参考 文献 [编辑]
引用 [编辑]
- ^ Upton Sinclair, Upton. Upton Sinclair's: A Monthly Magazine: for Social Justice, by Peaceful Means If Possible. 1 January 1918 [2018-04-24]. （
原始 内容 存 档于2019-05-02）.Socialism, you see, is a bird with two wings. The definition is 'social ownership and democratic control of the instruments and means of production.'
- ^ Nove, Alec. Socialism. New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, Second Edition (2008). [2013-02-18]. （
原始 内容 存 档于2016-05-24）.A society may be defined as socialist if the major part of the means of production of goods and services is in some sense socially owned and operated, by state, socialised or cooperative enterprises. The practical issues of socialism comprise the relationships between management and workforce within the enterprise, the interrelationships between production units (plan versus markets), and, if the state owns and operates any part of the economy, who controls it and how.
- ^ Rosser, Mariana V.; J Barkley Jr. Comparative Economics in a Transforming World Economy. MIT Press. 23 July 2003: 53. ISBN 978-0262182348.
Socialism is an economic system characterised by state or collective ownership of the means of production, land, and capital.
- ^ "What else does a socialist economic system involve? Those who favor socialism generally speak of social ownership, social control, or socialization of the means of production as the distinctive positive feature of a socialist economic system" N. Scott Arnold. The Philosophy and Economics of Market Socialism : A Critical Study. Oxford University Press. 1998. p. 8
- ^ 5.0 5.1 Busky, Donald F. Democratic Socialism: A Global Survey. Praeger. 20 July 2000: 2. ISBN 978-0275968861.
Socialism may be defined as movements for social ownership and control of the economy. It is this idea that is the common element found in the many forms of socialism.
- ^ Bertrand Badie; Dirk Berg-Schlosser; Leonardo Morlino. International Encyclopedia of Political Science. SAGE Publications, Inc. 2011: 2456. ISBN 978-1412959636.
Socialist systems are those regimes based on the economic and political theory of socialism, which advocates public ownership and cooperative management of the means of production and allocation of resources.
- ^ Zimbalist, Sherman and Brown, Andrew, Howard J. and Stuart. Comparing Economic Systems: A Political-Economic Approach. Harcourt College Pub. October 1988: 7. ISBN 978-0155124035.
Pure socialism is defined as a system wherein all of the means of production are owned and run by the government and/or cooperative, nonprofit groups.
- ^ Brus, Wlodzimierz. The Economics and Politics of Socialism. Routledge. 5 November 2015: 87. ISBN 978-0415866477.
This alteration in the relationship between economy and politics is evident in the very definition of a socialist economic system. The basic characteristic of such a system is generally reckoned to be the predominance of the social ownership of the means of production.
- ^ Michie, Jonathan. Readers Guide to the Social Sciences. Routledge. 1 January 2001: 1516. ISBN 978-1579580919.
Just as private ownership defines capitalism, social ownership defines socialism. The essential characteristic of socialism in theory is that it destroys social hierarchies, and therefore leads to a politically and economically egalitarian society. Two closely related consequences follow. First, every individual is entitled to an equal ownership share that earns an aliquot part of the total social dividend…Second, in order to eliminate social hierarchy in the workplace, enterprises are run by those employed, and not by the representatives of private or state capital. Thus, the well-known historical tendency of the divorce between ownership and management is brought to an end. The society – i.e. every individual equally – owns capital and those who work are entitled to manage their own economic affairs.
- ^ "2. (Government, Politics & Diplomacy) any of various social or political theories or movements in which the common welfare is to be achieved through the establishment of a socialist economic system" "Socialism" at The Free dictionary （页面
存 档备份，存 于互联网档案 馆） - ^ Lamb & Docherty 2006，
第 1頁 - ^ Arnold, Scott. The Philosophy and Economics of Market Socialism: A Critical Study. Oxford University Press. 1994: 7–8. ISBN 978-0195088274.
This term is harder to define, since socialists disagree among themselves about what socialism ‘really is.’ It would seem that everyone (socialists and nonsocialists alike) could at least agree that it is not a system in which there is widespread private ownership of the means of production…To be a socialist is not just to believe in certain ends, goals, values, or ideals. It also requires a belief in a certain institutional means to achieve those ends; whatever that may mean in positive terms, it certainly presupposes, at a minimum, the belief that these ends and values cannot be achieved in an economic system in which there is widespread private ownership of the means of production…Those who favor socialism generally speak of social ownership, social control, or socialization of the means of production as the distinctive positive feature of a socialist economic system.
- ^ Hastings, Mason and Pyper, Adrian, Alistair and Hugh. The Oxford Companion to Christian Thought. Oxford University Press. 21 December 2000: 677. ISBN 978-0198600244.
Socialists have always recognized that there are many possible forms of social ownership of which co-operative ownership is one...Nevertheless, socialism has throughout its history been inseparable from some form of common ownership. By its very nature it involves the abolition of private ownership of capital; bringing the means of production, distribution, and exchange into public ownership and control is central to its philosophy. It is difficult to see how it can survive, in theory or practice, without this central idea.
- ^ Kolb, Robert. Encyclopedia of Business Ethics and Society, First Edition. SAGE Publications, Inc. 19 October 2007: 1345. ISBN 978-1412916523.
There are many forms of socialism, all of which eliminate private ownership of capital and replace it with collective ownership. These many forms, all focused on advancing distributive justice for long-term social welfare, can be divided into two broad types of socialism: nonmarket and market.
- ^ Bockman, Johanna. Markets in the name of Socialism: The Left-Wing origins of Neoliberalism. Stanford University Press. 2011: 20. ISBN 978-0-8047-7566-3.
socialism would function without capitalist economic categories – such as money, prices, interest, profits and rent – and thus would function according to laws other than those described by current economic science. While some socialists recognised the need for money and prices at least during the transition from capitalism to socialism, socialists more commonly believed that the socialist economy would soon administratively mobilise the economy in physical units without the use of prices or money.
- ^ Steele, David Ramsay. From Marx to Mises: Post Capitalist Society and the Challenge of Economic Calculation. Open Court. September 1999: 175–77. ISBN 978-0875484495.
Especially before the 1930s, many socialists and anti-socialists implicitly accepted some form of the following for the incompatibility of state-owned industry and factor markets. A market transaction is an exchange of property titles between two independent transactors. Thus internal market exchanges cease when all of industry is brought into the ownership of a single entity, whether the state or some other organization...the discussion applies equally to any form of social or community ownership, where the owning entity is conceived as a single organization or administration.
- ^ Is Socialism Dead? A Comment on Market Socialism and Basic Income Capitalism, by Arneson, Richard J. 1992. Ethics, vol. 102, no. 3, pp. 485–511. April 1992: "Marxian socialism is often identified with the call to organize economic activity on a nonmarket basis."
- ^ Market Socialism: The Debate Among Socialists, by Schweickart, David; Lawler, James; Ticktin, Hillel; Ollman, Bertell. 1998. From "The Difference Between Marxism and Market Socialism" (pp. 61–63): "More fundamentally, a socialist society must be one in which the economy is run on the principle of the direct satisfaction of human needs...Exchange-value, prices and so money are goals in themselves in a capitalist society or in any market. There is no necessary connection between the accumulation of capital or sums of money and human welfare. Under conditions of backwardness, the spur of money and the accumulation of wealth has led to a massive growth in industry and technology ... It seems an odd argument to say that a capitalist will only be efficient in producing use-value of a good quality when trying to make more money than the next capitalist. It would seem easier to rely on the planning of use-values in a rational way, which because there is no duplication, would be produced more cheaply and be of a higher quality."
- ^ The Economics of Feasible Socialism Revisited, by Nove, Alexander. 1991. p. 13: "Under socialism, by definition, it (private property and factor markets) would be eliminated. There would then be something like ‘scientific management’, ‘the science of socially organized production’, but it would not be economics."
- ^ Kotz, David M. Socialism and Capitalism: Are They Qualitatively Different Socioeconomic Systems? (PDF). University of Massachusetts. [19 February 2011]. （
原始 内容 存 档 (PDF)于2013-06-04）. "This understanding of socialism was held not just by revolutionary Marxist socialists but also by evolutionary socialists, Christian socialists, and even anarchists. At that time, there was also wide agreement about the basic institutions of the future socialist system: public ownership instead of private ownership of the means of production, economic planning instead of market forces, production for use instead of for profit." - ^ Toward a Socialism for the Future, in the Wake of the Demise of the Socialism of the Past, by Weisskopf, Thomas E. 1992. Review of Radical Political Economics, Vol. 24, No. 3-4, p. 2: "Socialism has historically been committed to the improvement of people's material standards of living. Indeed, in earlier days many socialists saw the promotion of improving material living standards as the primary basis for socialism's claim to superiority over capitalism, for socialism was to overcome the irrationality and inefficiency seen as endemic to a capitalist system of economic organization."
- ^ Prychito, David L. Markets, Planning, and Democracy: Essays After the Collapse of Communism. Edward Elgar Publishing. 31 July 2002: 12. ISBN 978-1840645194.
Socialism is a system based upon de facto public or social ownership of the means of production, the abolition of a hierarchical division of labor in the enterprise, a consciously organized social division of labor. Under socialism, money, competitive pricing, and profit-loss accounting would be destroyed.
- ^ [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22]
- ^ Social Dividend versus Basic Income Guarantee in Market Socialism, by Marangos, John. 2004. International Journal of Political Economy, vol. 34, no. 3, Fall 2004.
- ^ O'Hara, Phillip. Encyclopedia of Political Economy, Volume 2. Routledge. September 2000: 71. ISBN 978-0415241878.
Market socialism is the general designation for a number of models of economic systems. On the one hand, the market mechanism is utilized to distribute economic output, to organize production and to allocate factor inputs. On the other hand, the economic surplus accrues to society at large rather than to a class of private (capitalist) owners, through some form of collective, public or social ownership of capital.
- ^ Pierson, Christopher. Socialism After Communism: The New Market Socialism. Pennsylvania State Univ Press. August 1995: 96. ISBN 978-0271014784.
At the heart of the market socialist model is the abolition of the large-scale private ownership of capital and its replacement by some form of ‘social ownership’. Even the most conservative accounts of market socialism insist that this abolition of large-scale holdings of private capital is essential. This requirement is fully consistent with the market socialists’ general claim that the vices of market capitalism lie not with the institutions of the market but with (the consequences of) the private ownership of capital...
- ^ Market Socialism: The Debate Among Socialists, by Schweickart, David; Lawler, James; Ticktin, Hillel; Ollman, Bertell. 1998. From "The Difference Between Marxism and Market Socialism" (P.61-63): "More fundamentally, a socialist society must be one in which the economy is run on the principle of the direct satisfaction of human needs...Exchange-value, prices and so money are goals in themselves in a capitalist society or in any market. There is no necessary connection between the accumulation of capital or sums of money and human welfare. Under conditions of backwardness, the spur of money and the accumulation of wealth has led to a massive growth in industry and technology ... It seems an odd argument to say that a capitalist will only be efficient in producing use-value of a good quality when trying to make more money than the next capitalist. It would seem easier to rely on the planning of use-values in a rational way, which because there is no duplication, would be produced more cheaply and be of a higher quality."
- ^ Bockman, Johanna. Markets in the name of Socialism: The Left-Wing origins of Neoliberalism. Stanford University Press. 2011. ISBN 978-0-8047-7566-3.
- ^ Adam Smith. Fsmitha.com. [2010-06-02]. （
原始 内容 存 档于2019-06-17）. - ^ Socialism: Utopian and Scientific [
社会 主 义：从空想到 科学 的 发展]. 马克思 主 义文库. [2011-02-20]. （原始 内容 存 档于2020-05-09）. - ^
恩 格 斯. skid Materialism.社会 主 义：从空想到 科学 的 发展. C.H. Kerr. 1910: 92–11. - ^ 《现代
政治 意 识形态》（2008年 4月 第 一 版 ） [澳]安德 鲁·文 森 特 凤凰出版 传媒集 团江 苏人民 出版 社 - ^ 《现代
政治 意 识形态》（2008年 4月 第 一 版 ） [澳]安德 鲁·文 森 特 凤凰出版 传媒集 团江 苏人民 出版 社 。 - ^ 34.0 34.1 34.2 《
中國 近代 思想家 文庫 》編纂 委員 會 (编). 〈總 序 〉. 《中國 近代 思想家 文庫 》.北京 :中國 人民 大學 出版 社 . 2014. - ^
社会党 国 际-法 兰克福 宣言 （页面存 档备份，存 于互联网档案 馆）:"1. Socialism seeks to replace capitalism by a system in which the public interest takes precedence over the interest of private profit. The immediate economic aims of Socialist policy are full employment, higher production, a rising standard of life, social security and a fair distribution of incomes and property." - ^
社会党 国 际-法 兰克福 宣言 （页面存 档备份，存 于互联网档案 馆）:"5. Socialist planning does not presuppose public ownership of all the means of production. It is compatible with the existence of private ownership in important fields, for instance in agriculture, handicraft, retail trade and small and middle-sized industries. The state must prevent private owners from abusing their powers. It can and should assist them to contribute towards increased production and well-being within the framework of a planned economy." - ^
社会党 国 际-法 兰克福 宣言 （页面存 档备份，存 于互联网档案 馆）:"5.Democracy requires the right of more than one party to exist and the right of opposition. But democracy has the right and duty to protect itself against those who exploit its opportunities only in order to destroy it. The defence of political democracy is a vital interest of the people. Its preservation is a condition of realising economic and social democracy." - ^
社会党 国 际-法 兰克福 宣言 （页面存 档备份，存 于互联网档案 馆）:"2.Without freedom there can be no Socialism. Socialism can be achieved only through democracy. Democracy can be fully realised only through Socialism." - ^
丁 学 雷 .革命 委 员会就是好 ──驳斥苏修叛徒 集 团对革命 委 员会的 无耻诽谤.中国 文化 大 革命 文 库 The Chinese Cultural Revolution Database. 《人民 日 报》. 1968年 5月 16日 [2019年 4月 22日 ]. （原始 内容 存 档于2019年 4月 22日 ）. - ^ 《
人民 日 报》编辑部 .痛 击苏修 混 蛋们的 疯狂挑衅！.中国 文化 大 革命 文 库 The Chinese Cultural Revolution Database. 《人民 日 报》. 1967年 1月 27日 [2019年 4月 22日 ]. （原始 内容 存 档于2019年 4月 22日 ）. - ^ 21
世 纪经济报道 ：排 污黑名 单出炉 部分 国 企 成 环保钉子户_腾讯网 （页面存 档备份，存 于互联网档案 馆）（2010年 4月 2日 ） - ^
存 档副本 . [2023-02-25]. （原始 内容 存 档于2023-02-25）. - ^ On Milton Friedman, MGR & Annaism. Sangam.org. [30 October 2011]. （
原始 内容 存 档于2011-07-29）. - ^ Bellamy, Richard. The Cambridge History of Twentieth-Century Political Thought. Cambridge University Press. 2003: 60. ISBN 0-521-56354-2.
- ^
路 德 維希·馮·米 塞 斯, Socialism, p. 119 - ^ Economic calculation in the Socialist Commonwealth (PDF).
路 德 維希·馮·米 塞 斯研究所 . 1990 [2016-03-25]. （原始 内容 存 档 (PDF)于2008-09-23）. - ^ F. A. Hayek, (1935), "The Nature and History of the Problem" and "The Present State of the Debate," om in
弗 里 德 里 希 ·哈耶克 , ed. Collectivist Economic Planning, pp. 1–40, 201–43. - ^ Heilbroner, Robert. Socialism. David R. Henderson (ed.) (编). Concise Encyclopedia of Economics 2nd. Indianapolis: Library of Economics and Liberty. 2008 [2014-09-30]. ISBN 978-0865976658. OCLC 237794267. （
原始 内容 存 档于2019-06-10）. - ^ Stiglitz, Joseph. Whither Socialism?. The MIT Press. January 1996. ISBN 978-0262691826.
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来 源 [编辑]
- 书籍
- 冯秀
珍 .社会 主 义发展 史 纲.北京 :中国 法制 出版 社 . 2002年 . ISBN 7-80083-996-6. - 赵明义.
当代 社会 主 义. 济南:山 东大学 出版 社 . 2001年 . ISBN 7-5607-2372-1. 申 战. 战后东欧与 中国 社会 主 义发展 历程比 较研究 .北京 :中央 文献 出版 社 . 2002年 . ISBN 7-5073-1133-3.
- 网页
研究 書目 [编辑]
- Martin Bernal
著 ，丘 權 政 等 譯 ：《一九零七年以前中國的社會主義思潮》（福 州 ：福建 人民 出版 社 ，1985）。
外部 链接[编辑]
- Socialism （页面
存 档备份，存 于互联网档案 馆） – entry at Encyclopædia Britannica - 开放
目 录项目 中 的 “Socialism” 社会 主 义. 《互联网哲学 百科 全 书》.- Cuban Socialism from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives.
- Cole, G. D. H. Socialism. Encyclopædia Britannica
第 12版 . 1922. - Ely, Richard T.; Adams, Thomas Sewall. Socialism.
新国 际百科 全 书. 1905.
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