土壌
これら
概要
機能
なお、
構成
研究 の歴史
生成
母 材 (岩 )気候 有 機体 地形 時間
物理 性
シルト | |||
---|---|---|---|
とても | |||
膨潤 |
とても |
||
pH |
土 性
鉱物 成分 の 0% が粘土 で有機物 が 20%以上 鉱物 成分 の 0% から 50% が粘土 で有機物 が 20% から 30%鉱物 成分 の 50%以上 が粘土 で有機物 が 30%以上 [40]
構造
形状 : ペッドの形 と配列 によって区分 する。板 状 (Platy):厚 さ 1–10 mm のペッドが平板 状 に重 なる。森林 土壌 のA層 と池 の沈積 物 に見 られる。柱状 (Prismatic):鉛直 に長 く、幅 は 10–100 mm である。上部 が平 らな角柱 状 (Prismatic) と上部 が円形 の円柱 状 (Columnar) に分 かれる。ナトリウム土壌 のB層 に粘土 が集積 すると生 じやすい。塊状 (Blocky):不完全 な 5–50 mm の立方体 の角形 のペッド。鋭 い角 を持 つ角 塊状 (Angular) と滑 らかな角 を持 つ亜 角 塊状 (Subangular) に分 かれる。粘土 が集積 したB層 に生 じやすく、水 の浸透 が少 ないことを示唆 している。粒状 (Granular): 1–10 mm の多面体 の長 球状 のペッド。粒状 (Granular) と屑 粒状 (団 粒状 ; Crumb) に分 かれ、屑 粒状 の方 がより多孔 質 で理想 的 であるとされる。有機物 があるA層 でよく見 られる。
大 きさ: ペッドの最小 径 によって区分 する。ペッドの形状 によって大 きさの分類 が異 なる。細 : <1 mm の板 状 か粒状 ; <5 mm の塊状 ; <10 mm の柱状 小 : 1–2 mm の板 状 か粒状 ; 5–10 mm の塊状 ; 10–20 mm の柱状 中 : 2–5 mm の板 状 か粒状 ; 10–20 mm の塊状 ; 20-50 の柱状 大 : 5–10 mm の板 状 か粒状 ; 20–50 mm の塊状 ; 50–100 mm の柱状 極大 : >10 mm の板 状 か粒状 ; >50 mm の塊状 ; >100 mm の柱状
発達 程度 : すなわちペッド内 の密着 度 であり、強度 と安定 性 をもたらす。弱 度 :弱 い結合 はペッドが砂 、シルト、粘土 へと分解 されやすい。中 度 :未 撹乱 土壌 ではペッドが明瞭 ではないが、撹乱 すると団 粒 、いくらかの壊 れた団 粒 、わずかな団 粒 化 されていない土壌 に分 かれる。これが理想 的 な状態 であるとされる。強度 :土壌 層 位 を観察 している時点 で明瞭 なペッドが見 られ、簡単 には壊 れない。無 構造 :土壌 が粘土 板 のように大 きな塊 にしっかりと固着 されているか、砂 のように全 く結合 がない。
より
さらに
密度
1.3 | 51 | |
トラクターの |
1.67 | 37 |
1.7 | 36 | |
1.5 | 43 | |
ポプラの |
1.62 | 40 |
1.5 | 43 | |
0.55 | 65 | |
0.5 - 0.8[65] | 70 - 80 |
間隙
コンシステンシー
コンシステンシーは
温度
発芽 と成長 が最大 化 するような植付 けの時期 を選 ぶ(日照 時間 にもよる)[98]。- 10 °C
以下 の土壌 で使用 するアンモニアの使用 量 を最適 化 する[99]。 土壌 の凍結 によって土 が持 ち上 げられる凍上 によって根 が浅 い植物 が被害 を受 けることを防 ぐ[100]。飽和 土 が凍結 することにより理想 的 な土壌 構造 が壊 されることを防 ぐ[101]。植物 によるリンの吸収 を促進 する[102]。
- は
熱 流 束 密度 (W·m−2) - は
土壌 の熱 伝導 率 (W·m−1·K−1) であり、熱 伝導 率 は定数 とすることもあり、土壌 表面 からある深 さまでの平均 値 が使 われることもある。 - は
熱 流 束 密度 を計算 する土壌 の2点 間 の温度 差 (K) - は
熱 流 束 密度 を計算 する土壌 の2点 間 の距離 (m) であり、x は下方 に向 かって正 とする。
8.8 | |
2.9 | |
0.25 | |
0.57 | |
2.4 | |
0.025 | |
0.2 - 0.4 | |
1 - 3 |
しかし、trembling aspen や balsam poplar のようなポプラでは 5 から 25 °C までの
色
電気 抵抗
水
フィールド(
それに
保水 性
3.3 | 9.1 | 5.8 | |
9.5 | 20.7 | 11.2 | |
ローム | 11.7 | 27.0 | 15.3 |
シルト |
13.3 | 33.0 | 19.7 |
19.7 | 31.8 | 12.1 | |
27.2 | 39.6 | 12.4 |
水 移動
土 性 。土壌 構造 。細 粒 土 の団 粒 構造 は浸透 に好 ましい。有機物 量 。粗大 な有機物 が良 く、土壌 表面 にあれば土壌 構造 の破壊 とクラストの形成 を防 ぐ。硬 盤 や基 岩 のような難 透水 層 までの深 さ。土壌 中 の水分 量 。土壌 の温度 。高温 な土壌 の方 が浸透 速度 が大 きく、凍土 は凍結 の種類 によっては水 を吸収 できない[183]。
植物 による吸水
水 の消費 と利用 効率
ガス
固体 の組成
化学
栄養素
有機物 と生物
これらの
層 位
なお
分類
ロシアの
熱帯 の酸化 物 を多 く含 んだラテライト(ラトソル、紅土 )熱帯 から温帯 にかけての赤 黄色 土 温帯 から冷 帯 にかけての落葉 広葉樹 を育 む褐色 森林 土 冷 帯 から寒帯 にかけてのポドゾル寒帯 で下層 が永久 凍土 層 になっているツンドラ土 - ほか、プレーリー
土 や中央 ユーラシアの黒土 (黒色 土 、チェルノーゼム)など
1960
日本 の土壌 分類 体系
利用
劣化
改良
スメクタイトのような
しかし、
出典
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土 地球 最後 のナゾ 100億 人 を養 う土壌 を求 めて (著者 :藤井 一 至 ).光文社 . (2018/8/17) - ^ Soil Survey Staff (2014). Keys to Soil Taxonomy, 12th ed. USDA-Natural Resources Conservation Service
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- ^ デイビッド・モントゴメリー
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- ^
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文化庁 2010, pp. 94. - ^ ウクライナ/チェルノーゼム ランク=A/「
皇帝 」は衰 えた『朝日新聞 』GLOBE(朝刊 別 刷 り)217号 【特集 】疲 れる土 、3面 (2019年 5月 19日 )。 - ^
日本 /黒 ボク土 ランク=C/クセは強 いが実力 派 『朝日新聞 』GLOBE(朝刊 別 刷 り)217号 【特集 】疲 れる土 、5面 (2019年 5月 19日 )。 - ^
土 じょう部 「林野 土壌 の分類 (1975)」(PDF)『林業 試験場 研究 報告 』第 280巻 、1975年 、1-28頁 、17 March 2019閲覧 。 - ^
農耕 地 土壌 分類 委員 会 「農耕 地 土壌 分類 第 3次 改訂 版 」(PDF)『農業 環境 技術 研究所 資料 』第 17巻 、1995年 、1-79頁 、17 March 2019閲覧 。 - ^
小原 洋 、大倉 利明 、高田 裕介 、神山 和則 、前島 勇治 、浜崎 忠雄 「包括 的 土壌 分類 第 1次 試案 」(PDF)『農業 環境 技術 研究所 報告 』第 29巻 、2011年 、1-73頁 、17 March 2019閲覧 。 - ^
日本 ペドロジー学会 第 五 次 土壌 分類 ・命名 委員 会 (2017年 ). “日本 土壌 分類 体系 ” (PDF).日本 ペドロジー学会 . pp. 53. 2019年 3月 17日 閲覧 。 - ^ イスラエル/
砂漠 土 ランク=G/砂漠 に花 を咲 かせましょう『朝日新聞 』GLOBE(朝刊 別 刷 り)217号 【特集 】疲 れる土 、6面 (2019年 5月 19日 )。 - ^ Johnson, D.L.; Ambrose, S.H.; Bassett, T.J.; Bowen, M.L.; Crummey, D.E.; Isaacson, J.S.; Johnson, D.N.; Lamb, P. et al. (1997). “Meanings of environmental terms”. Journal of Environmental Quality 26 (3): 581-89. doi:10.2134/jeq1997.00472425002600030002x.
- ^ ブラジル/オキソシル ランク=E/
不毛 なら造 り替 えよう赤 い土 『朝日新聞 』GLOBE(朝刊 別 刷 り)217号 【特集 】疲 れる土 、5面 (2019年 5月 19日 )。
参考 文献
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文化庁 「第 Ⅳ章 :土 層 の認識 と表土 ・包含 層 の発掘 ・第 1節 :遺跡 における土 層 の認識 」『発掘 調査 のてびき-集落 遺跡 発掘 編 -』同 成 社 、2010年 5月 、94頁 。ISBN 9784886215253。日本 ペドロジー学会 編 『土壌 調査 ハンドブック改訂 版 』博 友 社 、1997年 8月 。ISBN 9784826801706。地盤 工 学会 『土質 試験 基本 と手引 き第 2回 改訂 版 』地盤 工 学会 、2010年 3月 。ISBN 9784886440846。